Estado, universidad y empresa: evaluación de sus contribuciones al reciente crecimiento económico en China

Vieira, Rosilene Carla; Lima, Manolita Correia; Costa, Danilo de Melo

Rosilene Carla Vieira

responsible for this research (data, analyses, interviews, writing and so on)

Part of her PhD thesis

Rosilene Carla Vieira: PhD in Business Administration focusing in International Business Management at Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing with Capes scholarship, and research master degree in International Relations at Griffith University in Australia. Head of Facens’ International Relations Office and member of Research Groups: Observa China, Estudos e Práticas Avançadas em Internacionalização, and World Council on Intercultural and Global Competences.

Centro Universitário Facens, Coordination of International Relations, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-0274

Manolita Correia Lima

Rosilene’s PhD tutor

data analyses and discussion orientation and writing revision

Manolita Correia Lima: PhD in Education at Universidade de São Paulo and research master degree in Sociology at Université Denis Diderot in France. Associated Professor of the Doctoral and Research Master’s Program in Business Administration and Coordinator of Pedagogy Center at Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing.

Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, Doctoral and Research Master’s Program in Business Administration and Coordination of Pedagogy Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-2997

Danilo de Melo Costa

with his expertise in China higher education and higher education system as a whole contributing with the discussion and revision of this study in question

Danilo de Melo Costa: PhD in Business Administration at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, part of his research was done at York University in Canada. Professor and Researcher at Fumec University and Skema Business School. Scientific Director of the Programme Grande Ecole – master’s in management at Skema Business School, Belo Horizonte campus.

Universidade Fundação Mineira de Educação e Cultura/SKEMA Business School, Doctoral and Research Master’s Program in Business Administration, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-0352

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication to this manuscript.

Theoretical	Key Concepts	Authors	Subcategories
State	Actor commited to the driving forces of economic development as well as being the main investor and regulator – Variety of Behavior (strong / effective)	Etzkowitz (2003)ETZKOWITZ, H. Research groups as 'quasi-firms': the invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 109-121, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)00009-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)0... ; Zhou (2008)ZHOU, C. Emergence of the entrepreneurial university in evolution of the triple helix: the case of Northeastern University in China. Journal of Technology Management in China, [s. l.], v. 3, n. p., p. 109-126, Feb. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468770810851539 https://doi.org/10.1108/1746877081085153... ; Cai (2014)CAI, Y. Implementing the Triple Helix model in a non-Western context: an institutional logics perspective. Triple Helix, Dordrecht, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-20, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0001-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0001-... ; Tian et al (2019).	Investment
State			Regulation
University	Actor responsible for talent development, promotion and dissemination of science and technology, and commercialization of the intellectual property developed within its research centers – a pivotal role	Campbell (2006)CAMPBELL, D. F. The university/business research networks in science and technology: knowledge production trends in the United States, European Union and Japan. In: CARAYANNIS, E. G.; CAMPBELL, D. F. J. Knowledge creation, diffusion, and use in innovation networks and knowledge clusters: a comparative systems approach across the United States, Europe and Asia. London: Praeger, Westport, 2006. p. 67-100.; Carayannis (2006); Etzkowitz (2003)ETZKOWITZ, H. Research groups as 'quasi-firms': the invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 109-121, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)00009-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)0... ; Philpott et al. (2011)PHILPOTT, K., et al. The entrepreneurial university: examining the underlying academic tensions. Technovation, [s. l.], v. 31, n. 4, p. 161-170, Apr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2... ; Ankrah & Omar (2015) ANKRAH, S. ; OMAR, A. T. Universities-industry collaboration: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Management, v. 31, n. 3, p. 387-408, Sep. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2015.02.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2015.02... ; Torling et al. (2018).	Human Capital
			R&D
			Knowledge Transfer
			Collaborative International Network
Industry	Actor increasingly dependent on university graduates and S&T absorption, responsible for promoting innovation and global competitiveness - Relevance of the municipality	Zhou & Leydesdroff (2006); Etzkowitz (2003)ETZKOWITZ, H. Research groups as 'quasi-firms': the invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 109-121, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)00009-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333 (02)0... ; Qi (2021)QI, H. Estado, mercado e desenvolvimento na China antes e depois da pandemia. In: Encontro da RBChina, 4., On line. Nov. 2021. Available from: https://youtu.be/CroEOoMwSWA. Acess in: 2021 Dec. https://youtu.be/CroEOoMwSWA... ; Huang et al. (2004)HUANG, C., et al. Organization, programme and structure: an analysis of the Chinese innovation policy framework. r&d Management, 34(4), 367-387, 2004.; Cai (2014)CAI, Y. Implementing the Triple Helix model in a non-Western context: an institutional logics perspective. Triple Helix, Dordrecht, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-20, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0001-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0001-... ; Balzer & Askonas (2016)BALZER, HARLEY; ASKONAS, JON. The triple helix after communism: Russia and China compared. Triple Helix, v. 3, p. 1-31, 2016..	S&T
Industry			Technological Innovation

Nationality	Brazilian (66), British (4), Singaporean (1), Chinese (5), Colombian (1), Spanish (1), American (3), Indian (1), Italian (1), Dutch (1), and Uruguayan (1). 80% Latin American and 20% other continents out of 85=100%.
Academic background	Business Administration, Computer Science, Political Science, Law, Economics, Education, Agricultural, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, History and International Relations. Engineering (20), International Relations (15), and Technology (10) predominate.
Proficiency in Mandarin	More than half (52%) of the NON-Chinese respondents reported some level of proficiency in Mandarin: basic 24; intermediate 12; and advanced 5.
Professional relationship	Government agencies (ministers and foreign affairs advisors); Representatives of the academic environment (professors, researchers and program coordinators); Representatives from the corporate environment (businessmen, CEOs, directors, managers and lawyers).
Predominant hierarchical level	Government agencies (head); Representatives of the academic environment (leadership); Representatives of the corporate environment (owners and managers).
Sector	Services (72), with a predominance of the Education sector (40), the Engineering field (20) and the Industrial sector (13).
Size of company	Large (41), Micro (21), Medium (15) and Small (8).
Experience with international trade involving China	35 act as commercial representatives, consultants, or conduct research involving Chinese industries.
Participation in international cooperation networks	41 claim to participate in international cooperation networks.
Predominant interests of the operating organization with China	34 claim to be part of a Research & Development (R&D) network; 28 recommend teaching in the Chinese language and culture; 26 affirm their interest in expanding the market.
Performing organization integrates collaboration network with universities	53 say no; 32 say yes; 1 did not know the answer.

	Instance Represented	Nationality	Hierarchical Level	Place of action	Date in 2021	Duration in minutes	Language
I1	State	Chinese	Board of Directors	Chinese Government	05/11	21:26:31 *12-hour time zone	Portuguese
I5	State	Chinese	Minister	Chinese Embassy in Brazil	29/11	27:34:55	Portuguese
I3	University	Chinese	Board of Directors	Asia-Latin America Study Center	13/11	20:54:66 *12-hour time zone	English
I4	University	Brazilian	Leadership	Asia Study Center	16/11	19:01:00	Portuguese
I2	Industry	Brazilian	Board of Directors	China-Brazil Business Council	10/11	25:52:83	Portuguese
I6	Industry	Chinese	Board of Directors	Chinese company	30/11	19:42:96	English

Theoretical Categories	Subcategories	Major Contributions
State	Favorable Environments Political and regulatory	Adoption of long-term development plan for the country * Revisited every five years and updated.
State	Investment	Promoting investment in R&D in strategic areas for the country
University	Human Capital	Educating highly qualified senior staff * Trains 9 million new university students per year
	R&D	Establishments of R&D contracts *Second largest player and R&D worldwide
	Knowledge Transfer	Academic production *Electrical and Electronic Engineering, subarea Telecommunications - with H-Index over 40. Twenty-six of the 42 Chinese universities analyzed are among the 100 best universities worldwide, and six are among the Top 10.
	Formation of Inter. Collaborative Networks	Integration in networks abroad. *The number of proceeding papers presented in congresses exceeds the number of published papers.
Company	S&T	Investment in cutting-edge science and technology
Company	Technological Innovation	Investment in STEM-oriented universities Investment in companies that integrate the 5G productive chain

[1] Conflict of interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication to this manuscript.

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Estado, universidad y empresa: evaluación de sus contribuciones al reciente crecimiento económico en China

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